Language assessment

A. Definition about assessment
1.  Assessment involves the use of empirical data on student learning to refine programs and improve student learning. (Assessing Academic Programs in Higher Education by Allen 2004) . Reference https://www.slidshare . net. Mobile.
2.  Assessment is the process of gathering and discussing  information from multiple and diverse sources in order to develop a deep understanding of what students know, understand, and can do with their knowledge as a result of  their educational experiences; the process culminates when assessment results are used to improve subsequent learning. (Learner-Centered Assessment on College Campuses: shifting the focus from teaching to learning by Huba and Freed 2000. reference https://www.bluefieldsate . edu.

B. Definition aboutTest
   1.   a procedure intended to establish the quality, performance, or  reliability of something, especially before it is taken into widespread use no sparking  was visible during the  tests".refrance https://www.meriam -webster.com
  2.  take measures to check the quality, performance, or      reliability of (something),  especially before putting it into      widespread use or practice. Reference https://www.merriam- webster.com.
C. Definition about measurement
      1. Measurement is the assignment of a number to a   characteristic of an object or  event,  which can be compared with other objects or events. The scope and application of measurement are dependent on the context and discipline.  Reference https://en.Wikipedia.org.wiki
     2.   Measurement, the process of associating numbers with physical quantities and phenomena. Measurement is fundamental to the sciences; to construction, and other  technical . fields;  and  to almost all  everyday activities. For that reason the  elements, conditions, limitations ,and theoretical foundations of measurement have been muchstudied reference https://en.wikipedia . org. wiki
D. Definition about  Evaluation 
     1.  Evaluation is the systematic assessment of the design,      implementation or results of an initiative for the purposes of learning or decision-making. Https:en.wikipedia .org.wiki
      2.  The systematic assessment of the relevance, adequacy,  progress, efficiency, effectiveness, and impact of a  procedure.reference https://en.wikipedia. org wiki

E. Definition about formal and informal assessment
.     1. Formal assessments are systematic, preplanned tests that allow us to measure how well a student has mastered   learning outcomes. The goal  of formal assessment is to measure the amount of knowledge that  students have  nretained from what they were taught. Refrance https:// study com.
     2. Informal assessment involves observing the learners as they  learn and evaluating them from the data gathered.  Informal and formal assessments are both useful for making valid and useful assessments of learners' knowledge and performance.reference https://study.com

 F. Definition about formative and summative
1.  Formative assessment refers to a wide variety of methods that   teachers use to conduct in-process evaluations of student comprehension, learning needs, and academic progress during a lesson, unit, or course. Formative assessment help teachers identify concepts that students are struggling to understand, skills they are having difficulty acquiring, of learning standards reference, https://www.meriam Webster. Com
2. Summative-assessment results are often recorded as scores     or grades that are then factored into a student’s permanent    academic record, whether they end up as letter grades on report card or test scores used in the college- admissions process. While summative assessments are typically a major component of the grading process in most districts, schools, and courses, not all assessments    considered to be summative are graded. Reference, https:/www.meriam Webster. Com




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